眼睛黏著螢幕 問題出在自己

Nir Eyal does not for a second regret writing Silicon Valley’s tech engagement how-to, “Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products,” even as he now has a new book out on how to free ourselves of that same addiction.

儘管如今又寫了關於如何讓自己擺脫同樣癮症的新書，但尼爾．艾歐對於寫過矽谷科技參與入門指南《鉤癮效應：創造習慣新商機》毫不後悔。

In his original manual for building enthralling smartphone apps, Eyal laid out the tricks “to subtly encourage customer behavior” and “bring users back again and again.” He toured tech companies speaking about the Hook Model, his four-step plan to grab and keep people with enticements like variable rewards, or pleasures that come at unpredictable intervals.

在當初有關如何開發吸引人的智慧手機應用程序的手冊中，艾歐提出了「巧妙鼓勵客戶行為」和「反覆將使用者帶回來」的技巧。他親赴一些科技公司講述他的「鉤癮模型」，一個藉由變動獎勵或不定時來到的快樂等誘惑物，吸引跟留住人們的四步驟計畫。

Silicon Valley’s technorati hailed “Hooked.” Dave McClure, the founder of 500 Startups, a prolific incubator, called it “an essential crib sheet for any startup looking to understand user psychology.”

矽谷的部落格搜尋引擎Technorati讚揚了《鉤癮》一書，多產孵化器—500 Startups公司創辦人戴夫．麥克盧爾稱其為「任何想了解用戶心理的新創企業必備的小抄」。

Now in the latter days of 2019, Eyal has a new bestseller. This one is called “Indistractable: How to Control Your Attention and Choose Your Life.”

現在來到2019年下半年，艾歐有了新的暢銷書。這本書名叫《不容分心：如何控制注意力和選擇生活》（暫譯）。

If “Hooked” was a how-to, this is a how-to-undo.

《鉤癮》若是引人上癮的入門指南，新書就是如何不被鉤癮的入門指南。

Eyal, 41, is not alone in this pivot. Since “Hooked,” whistleblowers like Google’s former in-house ethicist, Tristan Harris, have popularized the idea that phones are unhealthy and addictive. Onetime executives at Facebook and WhatsApp have turned into tech critics. At Stanford University, the researcher B.J. Fogg, who ran the Persuasive Tech Lab, has renamed it the Behavior Design Lab and is now starting to roll out tools to reduce screen time.

41歲的艾歐在此一主軸上並不孤單。自《鉤癮》面世以來，像谷歌的前內部設計倫理學家崔斯坦．哈利斯這樣的吹哨者，已令手機不健康且容易上癮的觀念普及化。臉書和WhatsApp昔日高管已變成科技產品的批判家。在史丹佛大學，負責「說服科技實驗室」的研究人員法格，已將實驗室更名為「行為設計實驗室」，且已開始推出減少使用螢幕時間的工具。

“A movement to be ‘post-digital’ will emerge in 2020,” Fogg wrote last month. “We will start to realize that being chained to your mobile phone is a low-status behavior, similar to smoking.”

法格上月寫道：「2020年將出現『後數位化』運動。我們將開始意識到被手機捆綁是類似吸菸的低地位行為。」

Unlike the other newly wary, though, Eyal does not think tech is the problem. We are.

不過，跟其他新近警惕者不同的是，艾歐認為科技並非問題所在，我們才是。

“We talk about addiction, but when it comes to Candy Crush, really? Facebook? We’re not freebasing Facebook. We’re not injecting Instagram here,” Eyal said one morning over croissants at New York’s Bryant Park. “These are things we can do something about, but we love to think the technology is doing it to us.”

艾歐某天早上在紐約布萊恩公園吃著牛角麵包時說：「我們談到上癮，但以網遊Candy Crush為例，真會上癮嗎？臉書呢？我們不會將臉書如古柯鹼般加熱來吸食。我們也沒在注射Instagram。這些是我們可以操控之物，我們卻喜歡認為這些科技正在操控我們。」

And so in “Indistractable,” which was published last month, Eyal has written a guide to free people from an addiction he argues they never had in the first place. It was all just sloughing off personal responsibility, he figures. So the solution is to reclaim responsibility in myriad small ways.

因此，艾歐在上月出版的《不容分心》一書寫了一份讓人們擺脫癮症的指南，他認為他們從一開始就根本沒有上癮。他認為這全是在擺脫自己的責任。因此，解決方法是以許多小方法重新負起責任。

保護戰區文物 已至燃眉之急

It’s no secret that the war-ravaged nations where U.S. soldiers have been enmeshed in conflict for nearly two decades are home to many of civilization’s oldest and most prized antiquities and cultural treasures.

眾所皆知，美軍將近20年來捲入一些國家的衝突，而這些飽受戰爭蹂躪的國家，正是人類文明最古老且最珍貴的文物和文化寶藏所在之地。

But in the heat of battle in Afghanistan or Iraq, how are troops to know whether they are taking their positions behind mounds of insignificant rubble or inside the precious remains of a 3,000-year-old temple complex?

不過，軍隊在阿富汗或伊拉克激戰時，又怎麼能知道所在陣地是無關緊要的瓦礫堆後方，還是珍貴的3000年古廟遺跡之內？

The Pentagon’s answer is to take a page from one of World War II’s most storied military units, the teams of art experts known as the Monuments Men who recovered millions of European treasures looted by the Nazis.

美國國防部的因應之道，是取法於二次世界大戰中最有名的軍事單位之一，也就是由一群藝術專家組成團隊，去找回納粹劫掠的數以百萬計的歐洲珍寶，這些團隊被稱為「大尋寶家」。

The Army is forming a new group with a similar mandate to be composed of commissioned officers of the Army Reserve who are museum directors or curators, archivists, conservators and archaeologists in addition to new recruits with those qualifications. They will be based at the Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

美國陸軍正建立一個新團隊，職責與「大尋寶家」類似，除了新聘具備博物館館長或策展人、檔案專業人員、文物保存人員、考古學家等資格人才外，還徵召目前從事這些職務的陸軍預備役軍官。他們會駐守在北卡羅來納州布雷格堡的陸軍民事與心理作戰司令部。

“In conflict, the destruction of monuments and the looting of art are not only about the loss of material things, but also about the erasure of history, knowledge, and a people’s identity,” Richard Kurin, an anthropologist and Distinguished Scholar at the Smithsonian, said. “The cooperation between the Smithsonian and the U.S. Army aims to prevent this legal and moral crime of war.”

人類學家、美國史密森學會「傑出學者」庫林說：「在衝突中，破壞歷史遺跡和洗劫藝術品，不只造成物質損失，還抹滅了歷史、知識和民族認同。史密森學會和陸軍這項合作旨在防止這種法律和道德上的戰爭罪行。」

Scott DeJesse, a Texas painter and lecturer at the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and an Army Reserve colonel who has served in Iraq and Afghanistan, said the new group’s mission is not to hunt down missing works of art in castles and salt mines, as the World War II force did. Instead it is to provide a scholarly liaison for military commanders and the local authorities to help secure the cultural heritage of the regions involved and rebuild civil society in war and disaster zones.

德傑斯是德州的畫家、賓州卡萊爾市美國陸軍戰爭學院的講師，也是陸軍預備役上校，曾在伊拉克與阿富汗服役，他說，新團隊的任務不像二戰的大尋寶家那樣，要在城堡和鹽礦場裡找到下落不明的藝術品，而是要為軍事指揮官和當地政府提供與學界溝通的管道，以保護相關地區的文化遺產，並在戰區和受害地區重建公民社會。

The new group will also aim to inform the U.S. military and allied forces of sites to avoid in airstrikes and ground fighting, and places where it should try to forestall looting. Those prevention and detection efforts conform to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property, which the United States joined in 2009.

新團隊還有另一個任務，就是告知美軍和盟軍從事空襲及地面作戰時該避開哪些地方，還有該在哪些地方預防文物遭洗劫。這些預防和偵察措施與1954年「保護文化財產的海牙公約」精神一致。美國2009年加入公約。

The initiative comes at an urgent time for a region where human settlement dates back as far as 10,000 years and includes the remnants of Mesopotamian, Sumerian, Persian, Assyrian and Babylonian cultures. Afghanistan has been pillaged and desecrated by the Taliban for two decades; the Islamic State has wrought destruction and looted artifacts in Iraq, Syria and Libya; and rebel factions have sacked museums and mosques in Yemen.

新單位設立出現在對某一地區十分緊要的時刻。這地區一萬年前就有人類居住，有美索不達米亞、蘇美、波斯、亞述、巴比倫文化的遺跡。阿富汗文物被神學士組織搶劫和褻瀆已有20年；激進組織「伊斯蘭國」在伊拉克、敘利亞和利比亞大舉破壞和劫掠文物；葉門的博物館和清真寺亦遭叛軍洗劫。

說文解字看新聞

美軍正在建立新單位，招募具有古物保存專長的社會人士與預備役軍官，負責告訴前線美軍和盟軍，作戰時如何避免破壞古物。

sack、pillage、loot都是搶劫的意思，不過涵義略有不同。sack是搶劫一個地方，尤其在占領之後，而且強調把「所有」貴重物品奪走，如：barbarians sacked ancient Rome。pillage則強調「殘酷無情地」搶劫，但未必搶走所有值錢物品，如：settlements pillaged by Vikings。loot則在暴民乘亂打家劫店之外，也常用來專指戰時軍人的劫掠行為。

monument、remnant在本文中都是「遺跡」，但monument常指「用來紀念某人或某事的建物」，如碑、塔、館、雕像等，如果指「遺跡」，通常這個遺跡在歷史或考古學上具重要性。remnant常指「使用或加工過後的殘餘物」，也有一個意思是「零頭布」，如果指「遺跡」，通常是指某個時代的殘跡，不見得具有特殊的歷史重要性，如：a remnant of imperialism。