澳洲立法 禁止孩童用社群媒體

Australia has long been one of the most proactive countries in the world in trying to police the internet. It has clashed with Elon Musk over violent videos and child exploitation on social platform X, forced Google and Facebook to pay for news, and tried to filter out large swaths of online content.

澳洲長期以來一直是世界上最積極嘗試監管網路的國家之一。它曾與馬斯克針對社群平台X上的暴力影片和兒童剝削內容發生衝突，強迫谷歌和臉書為新聞內容付費，並試圖過濾掉大量的線上內容。

Its latest aim may be the most herculean yet. By December, the country wants to remove more than 1 million young teens from social media, under a groundbreaking law that sets a minimum age of 16 to use the platforms.

它最新的目標可能是迄今為止最具挑戰性的。根據一項開創性的法律，該國希望在年底前將超過100萬名青少年從社群媒體中移除，該法律規定使用這些平台的最低年齡為16歲。

But with fewer than six months before the new regulation goes into effect, much about its implementation remains unclear or undecided.

然而，距離新法規生效不到6個月，實施的許多細節仍不清楚或尚未決定。

YouTube, which young teens in Australia report using more than any other service, may or may not be covered by the law. Authorities have yet to lay out the parameters of what social media companies need to do to comply, and what would constitute a violation, which could lead to fines of $30 million or more. The government has studied how to verify users’ ages but has not released the full results of an extensive trial.

澳洲青少年報告使用最多的YouTube，可能會也可能不會受到該法律的規範。當局尚未制定社群媒體公司需要遵守的具體參數，以及什麼行為構成違規，違規可能導致3000萬美元或更高的罰款。政府已研究如何驗證用戶年齡，但尚未公布一項廣泛試驗的完整結果。

“We may be building the plane a little bit as we’re flying it,” Julie Inman Grant, the commissioner of online safety who is tasked with enforcing the law, said last month.

負責執行該法律的線上安全委員茱莉．英曼．葛蘭特上月表示：「我們可能一邊實施一邊改進。」

The law could have far-reaching influence if Australia can succeed in getting substantial numbers of teens off social media. Several governments around the world and in various U.S. states are in the process of or planning to impose their own rules on social media for young people, as alarm over the platforms’ mental health effects and addictive nature has reached a fever pitch.

若澳洲能成功使大量青少年離開社群媒體，那這項法律可能造成深遠的影響。隨著人們對社群媒體平台帶來的心理健康影響及成癮性的擔憂到了極點，世界多國政府和美國多個州分正在制定相關規範，或計畫針對年輕人實施社交媒體相關法規。

Inman Grant said her office began consultations last week with tech companies to set expectations on what “reasonable steps” they need to take to comply with the law.

茱莉．英曼．葛蘭特表示，她的辦公室上周開始和科技公司進行磋商，以設定他們預期要採取哪些「合理舉措」來遵守法律。

The companies will have to demonstrate that they are doing enough to identify underage users and remove their accounts. They will also have to provide ways that parents or teachers can flag accounts belonging to people under 16; show that they are countering attempts at circumvention, such as through a VPN; and prove that they are tracking the efficacy of their methods, she said.

這些公司將必須展現，他們採取足夠措施識別未成年用戶和移除他們的帳戶。她表示，公司也將必須提供家長和教師標示16歲以下用戶帳戶的方法，展現他們試圖反擊使用虛擬私人網路等規避手段，並證明他們正在追蹤其方法的效力。

水龍頭沒水、水庫變水塘 伊朗深陷缺水危機

Some of Iran’s deepest reservoirs have shrunk to shallow ponds. Water pressure is so low in some cities that taps in apartment buildings run dry for hours. People desperately search for water tanks, and hoard every drop they can find.

伊朗有些最深的水庫現在縮成淺淺的水塘。有些城市的自來水壓低到不行，公寓大樓的水龍頭一連好幾小時都沒水。人們拚命找水箱，能找到一滴水都得囤起來。

Temperatures are so high that one day last month a part of Iran saw a heat index of 65°C , according to sites that track extreme weather.

追蹤極端天氣的網站指出，伊朗部分地區上月某一天出現攝氏65度高溫。

Iran is in the throes of an acute water crisis, on top of a monthslong energy shortage that has prompted daily scheduled power cuts. Iranians still recovering from a 12-day war with Israel and the United States last month must now confront life without the basics.

伊朗現在深陷嚴重的水資源危機，還加上長達好幾個月的能源短缺，導致每天得按計畫停電。伊朗人上個月才剛從與以色列和美國的12天戰爭中恢復過來，現在還得面對生活必需品短缺的困境。

The government announced this past week that many reservoirs, particularly those that supply the capital, Tehran, with drinking water, were drying out. Water supplies for Tehran are predicted to run out in just a few weeks, officials said, pleading with the public to reduce water consumption.

政府上周宣布，許多水庫，尤其是供應首都德黑蘭飲用水的水庫，已經快乾涸了。官員說，德黑蘭的水源預計再過幾周就會用光，呼籲民眾節約用水。

“The water crisis is more serious than what is being talked about today, and if we do not make urgent decisions today, we will face a situation in the future that cannot be cured,” President Masoud Pezeshkian said at a Cabinet meeting Monday.

伊朗總統裴澤斯基安周一在內閣會議表示：「水資源危機比現在大家談的還要嚴重，如果我們今天不趕快做決定，未來會面臨無解的局面」。

Iran has exacerbated the problem with poor water management policies, which Pezeshkian acknowledged. The country has weathered five consecutive years of drought.

裴澤斯基安承認，伊朗糟糕的水資源管理政策使水資源問題惡化。這個國家已經歷連續5年乾旱。

Now, the crisis has grown so extreme that the government shut down all government offices and services in Tehran and more than two dozen other cities across the country Wednesday, creating a three-day weekend in an attempt to lower water and electricity usage. Fatemeh Mohajerani, a government spokesperson, said cities could have similar closures once or twice a week going forward.

現在，危機嚴重到政府周三關閉了德黑蘭和全國20多個城市的政府機關和服務，硬是弄出周休三日，試圖降低水電用量。政府發言人莫哈傑拉尼說，未來可能每周有一到兩次這樣的關閉。

The water shortage comes on top of scheduled daily power cuts across the country. Since December, Iran, has struggled with an energy crisis, forcing schools, universities and government offices to close or reduce their hours and power to be rationed at industrial factories.

水資源短缺的同時，全國還得面對每天定時停電。從去年12月開始，伊朗就陷入能源危機，學校、大學和政府機關不是關閉就是縮短辦公時間，工廠也被迫限電。

Iranians say that it feels as if their country is in free fall, and question the government’s ability to reverse the situation.

伊朗人說，感覺國家像是失控下墜，質疑政府到底有沒有能力扭轉局面。

“Addressing just one aspect of the crisis is futile; both electricity and water governance must be reformed,” said Hamidreza Khodabakhshi, the head of the union for water engineers in the southern province of Khuzestan. “Repeated calls for public conservation — without action from authorities — shift blame unfairly to citizens.”

「光解決危機的某個面向是沒用的，電力和水資源管理都得徹底改革」，南部胡齊斯坦省水利工程師工會負責人霍達巴赫什說：「一再呼籲民眾節約，當局卻沒有實際行動，這是甩鍋給人民。」