媒體審度戰場畫面 陷入天人交戰

Gruesome photographs of Palestinian children killed in rocket strikes and Israeli infants murdered by terrorists. Digitally doctored images that whip around social media before they can be verified. Accusations — since rejected by multiple news outlets — that photojournalists had advance knowledge of the Hamas surprise attack on Oct. 7.

巴勒斯坦孩童命喪火箭彈襲擊與以色列嬰孩被恐怖分子殘殺的可怕照片。經過數位竄改的影像獲得驗證前就在社群媒體流竄。有指控稱攝影記者預先得知哈瑪斯10月7日的突襲，隨後遭多家新聞機構駁斥。

The visual chronicle of the war between Israel and Hamas has become its own disturbing case study of the age of disinformation, where photographs, and the act of photojournalism itself, are weaponized by both sides of a highly charged conflict. For newsrooms in the United States and Europe, the question of which images to publish — and which are too graphic or misleading to be published — has rarely been more complex.

以色列和哈瑪斯戰爭的視覺記述，成為假訊息時代又一件值得擔心的案例，如今這場激烈衝突的雙方，皆把相片和攝影紀實的行動化作武器。對於在美國和歐洲的新聞編輯室而言，哪些照片要發布，而哪些照片太過於露骨或具有誤導性而不應該發布，這個問題從未如此複雜。

“In every war, there is a war of narratives,” said Jonathan Levy, the executive editor of Sky News. “You’ve got to be really mindful, not just of the potential harm to the audience of being exposed to some of that imagery, but also how you manage it.”

「每一次戰爭，都有一場敘事之戰」，英國天空新聞總編輯李維表示，「你必須深思熟慮，不只要考量接觸某些圖像對於閱聽人造成的潛在傷害，還有要如何控管」。

In interviews, editors at newspapers, TV stations and wire agencies said they had devoted countless hours in recent weeks to what many said was ultimately a delicate judgment call: deciding what their audiences saw and heard about the war. Among the factors is how much horror a viewer or reader can tolerate, and whether an image sensationalizes or trivializes violence. News outlets also feel a responsibility to victims and their families, who may not be aware that a relative has been killed or badly injured.

報紙、電視台和通訊社編輯人員受訪時都說，最近幾周花了無數個小時，以做出許多人所說的最終微妙判斷：決定閱聽人對這場戰爭要看到和聽到什麼。其中的因素包括觀看者或讀者對駭人內容的承受度有多少，以及一幅影像是否將暴力過分渲染或輕描淡寫。新聞機構對受害者和其家屬也萌生責任感，這些家屬未必得知親人已喪生或受重傷。

“You want to get the most realistic view of what’s happening on the ground; you want to show the pictures,” said Greg Headen, who oversees domestic and international coverage at Fox News. “In many cases, though, we cannot. Some of the images we have seen are so gruesome, they can’t even be described on TV.”

「你想要就現場發生的一切取得最寫實的圖像；你想把照片公諸於世」，督導美國福斯新聞國內和國際報導的海登說，「但在很多的情況下，我們做不到。我們看到的一些影像實在是慘不忍睹，甚至無法在電視上描述」。

War photography has resulted in some of the most indelible images of global conflict, from a flag-raising on Iwo Jima in World War II to a screaming Vietnamese girl burned by napalm. That visceral power is why Israeli and Hamas authorities, along with their supporters, have used social media and other channels to circulate images intended to rally public sympathy to their side.

戰地攝影已造就全球衝突中一些最不可抹滅的影像，從二戰在硫磺島上豎起旗子，到遭燒夷彈燒傷尖叫的越南女童。那種動人肺腑的力量，正是為何以色列和哈瑪斯當局還有雙方支持者，持續使用社群媒體和其他渠道來散布影像，以博取公眾對己方同情。

In deciding whether to amplify such pictures, news organizations assess their newsworthiness using similar editorial criteria as applied to facts and written reportage. Editors might consider the motivations of the source of the picture, and whether it contributes to a balanced portrayal of events.

在決定是否放大這類照片時，新聞機構使用與處理事實或文字報導類似的編輯標準，評估照片的新聞價值。編輯可能會審酌圖片來源的動機，以及該圖片是否有助於平衡的描述事件。

從一張照片看一間加薩醫院亂成一團

“Red!” “Yellow!” “Green!”

「紅色！」、「黃色！」、「綠色！」

The air at Nasser Hospital is pierced by the cries of medical workers getting their first look at patients coming in from a city under siege. Red is not good. It is for the most seriously wounded people, but even the other codes offer little comfort in a hospital stripped of the most basic necessities.

在這個遭到圍困的城市，病患送進納瑟醫院時，醫護人員進行首次檢查的呼喊聲刺穿空氣。紅色是不好，這是給傷勢最嚴重的人，但在一間被剝奪最基本必需品的醫院，即使是其他代碼，也沒有提供多少安慰。

It is generally very difficult to learn much about the patients I photograph. In this case, a man with medical forms on him was said to have been pulled from the rubble. What was his name? I do not know. Did he survive? I do not know that, either.

一般來說，對那些我拍攝的患者，很難了解太多。在這一個例子，一名男子身上有著醫療表格，據說是從瓦礫堆拉出來的。他叫什麼名字？我不知道。他活著嗎？我也不知道。

But he appeared to have two things possibly going in his favor: He was a Green. And he was given a space, if only on the floor. The hospital cannot afford to waste time on those who clearly won’t make it.

但他似乎有兩個可能對他有利的情況：他是綠色，他得到了一個空間，哪怕只是在地板上。醫院承擔不起在那些顯然撐不過去的人身上浪費時間。

It is hard to convey the horror that is Nasser Hospital these days.

納瑟醫院在這些日子的恐怖很難傳達。

Everything is a blur. People running, people screaming. Doctors and nurses rushing from patient to patient. Family members desperately looking for the missing, hoping someone can stop and help them.

一切都是模糊不清。人們在奔跑，人們在尖叫。醫師與護理師從一名病患衝向另一名病患，家屬絕望地尋找失蹤者，希望有人可以停下來幫助他們。

Every sense is assaulted.

每一個感官都受到攻擊。

The smell is very difficult. It is like burned skin, or perhaps charred tires mixed with the odor of blood and flesh. It’s a very strange and specific smell — and I fear it may never leave me.

氣味非常難聞，就像燒掉的皮膚，也可能是燒焦輪胎混有血與肉的臭氣。這是一種非常奇怪與特別味道，我擔心可能永遠不會離開我。

Earlier in the war, the hospital was busy, but things appeared manageable. Then came a flood of refugees, as the Israel military, preparing a ground invasion, warned civilians in the north to evacuate.

戰爭初期，這間醫院很忙，但一切似乎在可控狀態。接著以色列軍方準備地面入侵，警告北部的平民撤離，大批難民因此湧入。

The other day I found myself next to a doctor who was saying that before the war, the hospital used to cap daily admissions at 700. “Today, on a regular day without shelling, we accept more than 2,000 cases,” the doctor said.

前幾天，我發現自己旁邊一名醫師說，戰爭前醫院曾限制每天入院上限為700人。這名醫師說，「今日，在一個沒有砲擊的普通日子，我們收治超過2000病例」。

Like many hospitals in the Gaza Strip, fuel shortages tied to the Israeli and Egyptian blockade have left Nasser struggling to keep the lights on and the equipment running. Critically needed food and medical supplies are said to be trickling into the territory, but when I ask the staff at Nasser about it, they tell me: “We haven’t received anything.”

就像加薩走廊的許多醫院，由於以色列與埃及封鎖造成燃料短缺，納瑟醫院難以維持開燈與設備運轉，迫切需要的糧食與醫療用品據說正零星流入這個地區，但當我向納瑟醫院的職員詢問此事時，他們告訴我，「我們什麼都沒收到」。

And so children come in shivering with fever, and with no acetaminophen, little can be done for them. I often pass by the pediatric unit, and it is always full.

因此，發燒打顫的孩子們送來時，沒乙醯胺酚，對他們幾乎無能為力。我常路過小兒科部，總是人滿為患。

This is all I can tell you. This is what I have seen with my own eyes.

這是我可以告訴你的一切，這是我親眼所見。