看不見的戰爭 媒體報導加薩愈來愈受限

To many people outside the Gaza Strip, the war flashes by as a doomscroll of headlines and casualty tolls and photos of screaming children, the bloody shreds of somebody else’s anguish.

對許多加薩走廊以外的人們而言，這場戰爭在螢幕滾動的負面新聞、傷亡數字、尖叫孩童的照片，以及他人痛苦的血淋淋碎片中閃過。

But the true scale of death and destruction is impossible to grasp, the details hazy and shrouded by internet and cellphone blackouts that obstruct communication, restrictions barring international journalists and the extreme, often life-threatening challenges of reporting as a local journalist from Gaza.

然而，死亡和破壞的真實規模根本不可能掌握，相關細節模糊且被遮蔽，因為網際網路和手機訊號中斷阻礙通訊，各種管制阻擋國際記者進入，加薩當地記者報導時則面臨極端、經常危及生命的挑戰。

There are pinholes in the murk, apertures such as the Instagram feeds of Gaza photographers and a small number of testimonies that slip through. With every passing week, however, the light dims as those documenting the war leave, quit or die. Reporting from Gaza has come to seem pointlessly risky to some local journalists, who despair of moving the rest of the world to act.

不過，黑暗中仍有小孔透出光，如加薩攝影師的Instagram動態及少量目擊證詞。然而，一周一周過去，光線變得黯淡，因為那些記錄戰爭的人離開、去職和死亡。對一些當地記者而言，來自加薩的報導似乎是在冒著毫無意義的風險，他們對於推動世界各地採取行動感到絕望。

“I survived death multiple times and put myself in danger” to document the war, Ismail al-Dahdouh, a Gaza reporter, wrote in an Instagram post in January to announce he was quitting journalism. Yet a world “that doesn’t know the meaning of humanity” had not acted to stop it.

記錄戰爭的一名加薩記者達赫杜一月在Instagram宣布退出新聞業，他寫到，「我多次躲過死亡，而又投身險境」，然而，一個「不知人性意義」的世界沒有採取行動阻止戰爭。

The New York Times and other major international outlets have evacuated Palestinian journalists who were working for them in Gaza, though some Western news agencies still have local teams there.

紐約時報和其他主要國際媒體機構，已撤離過去在加薩工作的巴勒斯坦記者，儘管尚有一些西方媒體機構在加薩仍有當地團隊。

Apart from those, only Gaza journalists have been working there since the war began.

此外，自戰爭開打以來，只有加薩記者一直在當地。

“Israel is afraid of the Palestinian narrative and of Palestinian journalists,” said Khawla al-Khalidi, 34, a Gaza TV journalist for Al-Arabiya, a well-known regional Arabic-language TV channel. “They’re trying to silence us by cutting the networks.”

知名區域性阿拉伯語電視頻道「阿拉伯衛星電視台」加薩電視記者、34歲的卡瓦拉．哈利迪表示：「以色列害怕巴勒斯坦的陳述和巴勒斯坦記者，他們試圖切斷網路讓我們噤聲。」

The war has damaged or severed communications networks, making it nearly impossible for most Gaza residents to give interviews to foreign media outlets. Telecommunications have disappeared entirely more than half a dozen times during the conflict.

戰爭破壞或切斷了通訊網，使加薩居民幾乎不可能接受外媒採訪。衝突期間，電信通訊完全消失六次以上。

It falls to Gaza journalists, mostly working for Palestinian or regional Arabic-language outlets such as Al Jazeera, or young freelancers equipped with little more than Instagram, to bring scraps of Gaza’s reality to outsiders.

採訪任務落在加薩記者肩上，他們大多是為巴勒斯坦或半島電視台等區域阿拉伯語媒體工作，或是只有Instagram的年輕自由記者，他們把加薩現狀的片段帶給外面的人們。

Al-Khalidi, the Al-Arabiya journalist, said she had never considered leaving journalism, even as the job got impossibly difficult, far worse than in the previous wars she had covered.

阿拉伯衛星電視台記者哈利迪表示，她從沒考慮過要離開新聞業，即使這份工作變得異常困難，遠比她先前報導過的戰爭糟糕。

“We’re not just reporting on what is happening. We’re already part of what is happening,” she said.

她說：「我們不只報導發生的事。我們已成為這些事一部分。」

陸認知作戰影響美大選 加劇社會分歧

A Chinese influence campaign that has tried for years to boost Beijing’s interests is now using artificial intelligence and a network of social media accounts to amplify American discontent and division before the U.S. presidential election, according to a new report.

一份新報告指出，一項多年來試圖提升北京利益的中國影響力行動，現在正利用人工智慧和社群媒體帳號網絡，在美國總統大選前放大美國人的不滿和分歧。

The campaign, known as Spamouflage, hopes to breed disenchantment among voters by maligning the United States as rife with urban decay, homelessness, fentanyl abuse, gun violence and crumbling infrastructure, according to the report, which was published Thursday by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a nonprofit research organization in London.

英國倫敦非營利研究組織「戰略對話研究所」周四發布的報告顯示，這場行動被稱為「垃圾訊息偽裝」，透過汙衊美國充斥都市衰退、遊民、芬太尼濫用、槍枝暴力和基礎建設破敗，希望讓選民幻滅。

An added aim, the report said, is to convince international audiences that the United States is in a state of chaos.

報告稱，行動的另一個目的是說服國際閱聽人認為美國處於混亂狀態。

Artificially generated images, some of them also edited with tools such as Photoshop, have pushed the idea that the November vote will damage and potentially destroy the country.

人工智慧所產生的影像，有些還以Photoshop等工具編修，推動了一種觀點，稱今年十一月美國大選將破壞並可能摧毀這個國家。

One post on X, formerly Twitter, that said “American partisan divisions” had an image showing President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump aggressively crossing fiery spears under this text: “INFIGHTING INTENSIFIES.” Other images featured the two men facing off, cracks in the White House or the Statue of Liberty, and terminology like “CIVIL WAR,” “INTERNAL STRIFE” and “THE COLLAPSE OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.”

在前為推特的社群媒體X一則貼文寫道「美國黨派分歧」，其中一張圖片顯示美國總統拜登和前總統川普手持長矛激烈交鋒，上方則有「內鬥加劇」的文字。其他圖片包括有兩名男子對峙、白宮和自由女神像出現裂縫，還有「內戰」、「內部衝突」及「美國民主崩壞」等用語。

The narratives did not appear to have any obviously partisan leanings, although Biden was the target of multiple negative portrayals, including references to his son Hunter Biden’s legal troubles. Spamouflage’s attitude toward Trump was more ambiguous; posts claiming that his “status as an antihero is making him unstoppable” could be interpreted as flattering.

這些陳述似沒有明顯黨派傾向，儘管拜登是多種負面描述的目標，包括提及其次子杭特的官司麻煩。「垃圾訊息偽裝」對川普態度較曖昧；一些貼文聲稱他身為「反英雄的地位使他勢不可擋」，可被詮釋為是種奉承。

In America’s “hyper-polarized division,” China sensed an opportunity, said Elise Thomas, a senior analyst at the institute who wrote the report. Spamouflage’s focus on social conflict and antagonism in the U.S. presidential race could also signal how Beijing hopes to shape the many other important elections taking place in the world this year.

撰寫該報告的戰略對話研究所資深分析師湯瑪斯表示，美國「高度兩極分化」的氛圍，讓中國察覺到機會。「垃圾訊息偽裝」關注美國總統大選的社會衝突和對立，顯示中方希望如何影響今年將在世界各地舉行的其他多場重要選舉。

Spamouflage has been active since at least 2017, Thomas wrote in the report, adding that the campaign is “infamous among researchers both for its sprawling size and for its failure to generate any noteworthy engagement from real social media users.”

湯瑪斯在報告中寫道，「垃圾訊息偽裝」至少自2017年以來就一直活躍，並稱這個行動「因規模擴大和未能引起真正社群媒體用戶的任何顯著參與，而在研究人員間惡名昭彰」。

The report Thursday focused on Spamouflage posts on X. Thomas wrote that while the campaign also operated on YouTube, TikTok, Medium and “literally dozens of other forums, websites and social media platforms,” it had proliferated with far more ease on X.

周四發表的報告關注「垃圾訊息偽裝」發布在X的貼文。湯瑪斯寫道，儘管這項行動也在YouTube、TikTok、Medium和「數十個其他論壇、網站和社交媒體平台」運作，但在X上面更容易擴散。