全美校園相繼禁用智慧手機 加州跟進

Gov. Gavin Newsom called on Tuesday for a statewide ban on smartphone use in California schools, joining a growing national effort to curb cyberbullying and classroom distraction by limiting access to the devices.

州長紐森周二呼籲，就加州校內使用智慧手機制定全州禁令，加入愈來愈多全國性作為，藉限制使用裝置，抑制網路霸凌跟課堂分心。

Newsom said he would work this summer with state lawmakers to dramatically restrict phone use during the school day in the nation’s most populous state. His directive came hours before board members at the Los Angeles Unified School District, the country’s second-largest school district, voted to pursue their own smartphone ban that could begin in January.

紐森說，他將在今年夏季跟州議員合作，在全國人口最多的加州，大幅限制學校上課期間的手機使用。在他發出指示幾個小時前，全美第二大學區、洛杉磯聯合學區的教育委員會委員投票決定，推行自己的智慧手機禁令可以在一月開始。

The effort to curb devices on campus has transcended political lines, as Republican-led states like Florida and Indiana already have instituted their own restrictions.

抑制在校內裝置的努力超越黨派分歧，佛羅里達州與印第安納州等共和黨人主政的州已經制定自己的規範。

The moves in California followed a call for warning labels on social media platforms by the U.S. surgeon general, Dr. Vivek Murthy, who argued that they were fueling a mental health crisis among adolescents.

聯邦公共衛生署長維韋克．莫西醫師呼籲，對社群媒體平台設置警告標示後，加州的措施出台。莫西主張，社群媒體平台正讓青少年的心理健康危機惡化。

“Adolescents who spend more than three hours a day on social media face double the risk of anxiety and depression symptoms,” Murthy wrote Monday in an opinion piece for The New York Times. “And the average daily use in this age group, as of the summer of 2023, was 4.8 hours.”

莫西在周一紐時的投書稱，「一天在社群媒體花超過3小時的青少年，焦慮與憂鬱風險將倍增，而在這個年齡層，截至2023年夏季，每日使用平均4.8小時」。

Many school districts in California already have restrictions on cellphone use during the school day, but enforcement can be a challenge.

加州許多學區已經制定限制上課期間使用手機的辦法，實際執行可能有困難。

Some parents in the past have objected to prohibitions because they fear losing access to their children in the case of a school shooting or other emergency. And teachers unions have been reluctant to take on the responsibility of having to enforce the policies, though they also have welcomed efforts to prevent distractions.

一些家長曾反對禁令，擔心發生校園槍擊或其他緊急事件時，無法聯繫到子女。教師工會一直不情願承擔執行政策的責任，不過他們也歡迎防止學生上課分心。

Newsom, a Democrat, said that he wanted the California Legislature to tighten existing cellphone limits in classrooms for the state’s 5.5 million students at more than 1,400 public schools.

民主黨籍的紐森說，他希望州議會強化現行教室對手機的限制，涵蓋1400多間公立學校、550萬名學生。

Newsom previously signed legislation in 2019 authorizing, but not requiring, districts to adopt cellphone bans. He signed an online safety law in 2022 requiring websites and apps to install protections for children, and then followed up last year by urging tech industry leaders in California to drop a lawsuit challenging the requirements. Both laws were passed with bipartisan support in the state Legislature.

紐森2019年授權，而不是要求各學區採行手機禁令。他在2022年簽署一項網路安全法，要求網站與App為兒童安裝保護，去年繼續敦促加州科技業領導人，撤回反對該規定的訴訟。在州議會跨黨派支持下，兩項法律獲得通過。

遠超美國 高溫、極端氣候殃及數十億人

Poll workers. Pilgrims. Tourists on a hike.

投票所工作人員。朝聖者。健行的遊客。

All have died in blistering heat in recent weeks around the world, a harrowing reminder of the global dangers of extreme weather as a heat wave bears down on nearly 100 million Americans this week.

上述這些人近幾周在世界各地的酷熱高溫下喪生，沉痛提醒人們極端天氣的全球性危機。而在本周，熱浪襲擊美國近一億人口。

Dozens of cities in Mexico broke heat records in May and June, killing more than 100 people. India has been under an extraordinarily long heat wave that killed several election workers. Greece is bracing for wildfires this week, after back-to-back heat waves killed several tourists. In Bamako, the capital of Mali, hospitals reported more than 100 excess deaths in the first four days of April, The Associated Press reported.

在5月和6月，墨西哥數十座城市打破高溫的紀錄，造成逾百人死亡。印度一直處於異常漫長的熱浪，導致多名投票所工作人員喪生。希臘歷經連續熱浪導致多名觀光客死亡後，本周要防備野火。美聯社報導，在馬利首都巴馬科，醫院通報4月頭四天超量死亡的人數超過百人。

Between May 2023 and May 2024, an estimated 6.3 billion people, or roughly 4 out of 5 people in the world, lived through at least a month of what in their areas were considered abnormally high temperatures, according to a recent analysis by Climate Central, a scientific nonprofit.

非營利科學組織「氣候中央」近期分析顯示，2023年5月至2024年5月，估計有63億人，即全球每五人就有四人在其所在地區經歷異常高溫至少一個月。

Extreme heat killed an estimated 489,000 people annually between 2000 and 2019, according to the World Meteorological Organization, making heat the deadliest of all extreme weather events. Swiss RE, the insurance industry giant, said in a report this week that the accumulating hazards of climate change could further drive the growing market for insurance against strikes and riots. “Climate change may also drive food and water shortages and in turn civil unrest, and mass migration,” the report said.

聯合國世界氣象組織指出，2000年至2019年，極端高溫估計每年導致48萬9000人死亡，使高溫成為最致命的極端天氣事件。保險業巨頭「瑞士再保險」本周在一份報告中表示，不斷累積的氣候變遷危害，可能進一步促使針對罷工和騷亂的保險市場成長。報告指出，「氣候變遷可能也會促使食物和水源短缺，進而引發內亂和大規模移民」。

As for the world’s two rival economic powers, China and the United States, both face a common peril this summer. As one-fifth of all Americans were under an extreme heat alert this week, several areas in China’s north broke maximum temperature records. And earlier in the week the capital, Beijing, was under a heat alert as temperatures reached 37 degrees Celsius.

全球兩個相互競爭的經濟強權中國大陸和美國，今年夏季面臨共同的危險。五分之一的美國人本周身處極端高溫警示之際，中國大陸北部多個地區也打破高溫紀錄，本周稍早首都北京的氣溫達到攝氏37度而處於高溫警示。

The two countries are also the two biggest producers of greenhouse gases warming the planet. China’s current emissions are by far the highest in the world, and the United States’ cumulative emissions over the past 150 years of industrialization are the highest in the world.

兩國也是導致全球暖化的溫室氣體最大產出國。大陸目前的排放量顯然是全球最多，而美國過去150年工業化過程累積的排放量是舉世最高。

Emissions like these, produced by the burning of fossil fuels, are what drive these bouts of abnormally high temperatures, scientists have repeatedly found. “Unsurprisingly, heat waves are getting deadlier,” Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at Imperial College in London, said Thursday.

科學家已一再發現，燃燒化石燃料產生氣體排放是造成異常高溫的原因。倫敦帝國學院氣候科學家奧托周四表示：「不出所料，熱浪正變得更致命。」