阿靈頓國家公墓遭政治化 川普行徑最囂張

In November 1999, Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., former prisoner of war in Vietnam who was widely considered a military hero, said his newly launched presidential campaign had made “a very bad mistake.”

1999年11月，被廣泛視為軍事英雄的前越戰戰俘、共和黨籍亞利桑那州聯邦參議員馬侃表示，他新發動的總統選戰犯下「一個非常糟糕的錯誤」。

McCain had produced a campaign ad highlighting his career as a Navy pilot and his reverence for his fellow service members. At one moment, the ad showed McCain walking solemnly through Arlington National Cemetery.

馬侃製作一支競選廣告，強調他身為海軍飛行員的生涯，以及他對同袍的尊敬。廣告中有一幕顯示，馬侃莊嚴地走過阿靈頓國家公墓。

The Army soon said McCain’s campaign had never requested permission to film in the cemetery. Even if it had, an Army spokesperson said at the time, the request would have been denied because partisan activity is banned at Army installations.

陸軍很快表示，馬侃競選團隊從未申請在該公墓拍攝的許可。就算有，一位陸軍發言人當時表示，該申請會被拒絕，因為陸軍設施禁止黨派活動。

It was an incident in campaign politics that closely mirrored, before it sharply diverged from, another that took place last month. An Army spokesperson said that former President Donald Trump’s campaign had similarly not been given permission to film in a restricted area of Arlington National Cemetery during Trump’s visit Monday — and that it could not have received such permission because it would violate federal law.

這曾是競選政治的一個事件，跟上個月發生的另一起事件非常相似，隨後明顯出現差異。一名陸軍發言人表示，前總統川普周一訪問期間，川普競選團隊同樣沒有獲得在阿靈頓國家公墓一處限制區域拍攝的許可，而且無法獲得這種許可，因為這違反聯邦法。

The Army issued a rare public rebuke of Trump campaign officials for attacks they directed at a cemetery worker who had tried to stop the filming.

陸軍對川普競選團隊幹部發出罕見的公開譴責，原因是他們攻擊一名曾試圖阻止拍攝的公墓工作人員。

The Trump campaign had been made aware that filming for campaign purposes was against Army regulations — and campaign officials had nonetheless plowed forward, even, according to the Army, physically pushing aside the cemetery worker.

川普競選團隊先前知道，為了競選拍攝違反陸軍規定。陸軍表示，競選團隊幹部甚至仍然堅持向前，用身體推開這名公墓工作人員。

Trump and his campaign published photos and video of the former president laying flowers and flashing a thumbs-up at the graves of Marines killed during the withdrawal from Afghanistan three years ago.

川普和他的競選團隊發表了照片和影像，顯示這位前總統在3年前撤出阿富汗時陣亡的陸戰隊員墳墓獻花，並豎起大拇指。

Other graves are visible in the footage, including one of a Green Beret who died by suicide. The images are still online.

其他墳墓在畫面中都看得見，包括一名死於輕生的綠扁帽部隊成員墳墓。這些影像仍在網上。

Other candidates involved in similar incidents often quickly removed the images.

其他捲入類似事件的候選人通常很快就刪除影像。

Peter Feaver, a political science professor at Duke University who has written extensively on civil-military relations, said that the traditional separation between the military and partisan politics has always been under tension, but that he could not recall an incident like that described by the Army last month, in which a presidential campaign was told by the Army that it was violating the law, pushed ahead anyway and then leveled insults after the incident became public.

在軍民關係著作頗豐的杜克大學政治學教授費弗表示，軍方與黨派政治間的傳統分隔一直處於緊繃狀態，但他無法想到另一個類似陸軍上月所描述的事件，即一個總統競選團隊被陸軍告知違法，但仍繼續進行，且在事件公開後出言辱罵。

以火制火：加州撲滅野火大作戰

In California, federal and state agencies, as well as other groups that work with them, including private citizens and businesses, are setting fires that burn the dry grasses, small trees and other vegetation that could otherwise fuel an intense wildfire. Research has shown that these burns reduce wildfire risk, potentially saving lives and property.

在加州，聯邦和州政府機構，以及其他和他們合作的團體，包括普通公民和企業，正在放火焚燒乾草、小樹和其他植被，否則它們可能引燃強烈的野火。研究已經顯示，這類焚燒行為會降低野火風險，可望挽救生命財產。

Although the state is increasing its use of beneficial fire, as the method is called, officials and experts alike say it is far from enough to meet the threat posed by catastrophic wildfires.

雖然該州正加強使用這種被稱「益火」的方法，但官員和專家都說，這遠遠不足以應對災難性野火造成的威脅。

Land managers in the state, including the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, and federal agencies have set a target of intentionally burning 400,000 acres annually by next year, an amount of land that when combined would be larger than the city of Los Angeles.

加州森林暨消防廳等該州土地管理人員及聯邦機構已立下目標，明年起每年故意焚燒40萬英畝土地，面積總和比洛杉磯市還大。

The goal is to chip away at the 10 million to 30 million acres that officials estimate would benefit from some form of fuel-reduction treatment.

這個目標是為了逐步處理1000萬至3000萬英畝土地，官員們預計這些土地會受益於某種形式的減少燃料處理方法。

In 2022, the most recent year for which there is data publicly available, about 96,000 acres were burned by these land managers.

在2022年，也就是最新公開數據的年度，這些土地管理人員焚燒約96000英畝土地。

According to one study from researchers at Columbia University and Stanford University, low-intensity fires, a category that includes mild natural fires and prescribed burns, reduce wildfire risk by about 60%.

哥倫比亞大學和史丹福大學研究員的一項研究顯示，低強度火災，包括輕微自然火災和規畫焚燒，降低約60%野火風險。

Experts also say that prescribed burns have reduced the severity of previous wildfires, including in Yosemite National Park, where researchers found that they helped protect giant sequoias during the Washburn fire in 2022.

專家也表示，規畫焚燒已減少先前野火的嚴重程度，包括在優勝美地國家公園的野火。研究員發現，規畫焚燒在2022年華希本野火期間，有助保護優勝美地國家公園的紅杉。

The state’s budget maintains $2.6 billion in funding for tackling wildfires and improving forest health. An additional $200 million per year is designated for healthy forest and fire-prevention programs, which include prescribed fire projects.

該州預算提供26億美元資金，處理野火和改善森林健康。每年額外撥款2億美元，用於健康森林和火災防治專案，這包括規畫焚燒計畫。

The money is most likely not enough, especially because it is spread across a number of initiatives, said Mark Schwartz, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Davis, who has studied controlled burns and other wildfire management methods.

戴維斯加州大學名譽教授施瓦茨研究控管焚燒和其他野火管理方法。他說，這些資金很可能不夠，特別是因為資金被分散到數個新措施。

In addition to the need for more funds, Schwartz said, controlled burn programs face a number of other hurdles. Already limited in number, firefighters who would staff a prescribed fire are often called away to battle an active blaze.

施瓦茨說，除了需要更多資金，控管焚燒還面臨一些其他障礙。被派去執行規畫焚燒的消防員本就人力有限，又常被調去撲滅正在延燒的大火。

There are also only so many days in a year that conditions are right for a fire, and access is a challenge in some locations. And local communities may oppose a controlled burn, he said.

一年中適合進行焚燒的日子也只有那麼幾天，且進入某些地區會有挑戰。他說，當地社區還可能反對控管焚燒。