克里姆林宮加大力道 沒收民間企業

After the fall of communism, Russia ushered in capitalism by selling off billions of dollars in state assets.

共產主義垮台後，俄羅斯透過出售數十億美元的國有資產，迎來資本主義。

Now, 30 years later, the Russian government is stepping up a wartime campaign to do the opposite: seizing private businesses, this time in the name of national security.

如今，30年過後，俄國政府正加快進行一場戰時行動，反其道而行：以國家安全為名義沒收私人企業。

In the past month, courts have ordered Russia’s largest warehouse owner to be taken over by the state and also directed the nationalization of a major grain exporter. And in the most stunning case, prosecutors filed a lawsuit in January to seize Moscow’s second-largest airport.

上月，法院已命令俄國最大倉儲業者收歸國有，並指示一間主要穀物出口商國有化。而最令人震驚的案例是，檢方1月提告，請求沒收莫斯科第二大機場。

The new spate of expropriation expands on the seizures of Western-owned businesses in Russia after President Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine began three years ago.

總統普亭開始入侵烏克蘭三年後，新一波徵收潮擴大沒收在俄國的西方企業。

Critics say the asset seizures are also undermining the last vestiges of Russia’s rule of law. They have become “chaotic” and “out of control,” said Alexandra Prokopenko, a fellow at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center in Berlin.

批評者表示，資產扣押行動也正在破壞俄國法治的最後遺緒。德國柏林卡內基俄羅斯歐亞中心研究員亞歷山德拉．普洛柯潘柯表示，情況正變得「混亂」並且「失控」。

By seizing lucrative private enterprises, the Kremlin can put large sections of the economy either in state hands or under indirect control of Putin’s associates, allowing the government to tailor industrial output to the needs of the war effort and also be in a position to introduce price controls. It also aligns with the Russian leader’s goal of tightening his grip on domestic policy.

透過沒收利潤豐厚的民營企業，克里姆林宮可將大部分經濟交由國家掌控，或由普亭的同夥間接控制，使政府能讓產業產出符合戰時需要，並能引進價格管制。這也符合俄國領導人加強控制國內政策的目標。

Researchers at the London School of Economics have identified more than 200 Russian court rulings to nationalize private companies since the start of the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The courts, they said, mostly used claims that the companies violated 1990s privatization laws to seize them from businesses deemed “unfriendly to the Kremlin regime.”

英國倫敦政治經濟學院研究員發現，自2022年俄國開始入侵烏克蘭以來，俄國法院已做出超過200項收歸國有的判決。他們說，法院大多認定這些公司違反1990年代的私有化法律，「對克里姆林宮政權不友好」，因此沒收。

Taken together, those seizures amount to “the largest redistribution of property in Russia since the privatization drive” in the 1990s, said Alexander Kolyandr, a fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis.

歐洲政策分析中心研究員科利亞德爾表示，總而言之，那些沒收行動意味著「自1990年代推動私有化以來，俄國最大規模的財產重新分配」。

Putin spearheaded a campaign to take over landmark assets from foreign owners in the first months of the war. He signed several decrees in 2022 and 2023, first barring the foreign owners from selling their assets, then allowing the state to “temporarily take over” Russian companies owned by individuals from “hostile nations.” But he has since taken a back seat as property seizures became widespread across different sectors of the economy.

普亭在俄烏開戰最初幾個月，領導一場從外國業者手中奪取有指標性資產的運動。他在2022和2023年先後簽署多項命令，首先是禁止外國業者出售資產，接著允許國家「暫時接管」由「敵對國家」個人所擁有的俄國公司。但隨著資產沒收在各種經濟領域蔓延，普亭便退居幕後。

美汙染最重核廢處理區 成最大太陽能電場

In the weeks since President Donald Trump has taken office, he has pushed to unleash oil and gas production and has signed executive orders halting the country’s transition to renewable energy.

自美國總統川普就職數周之後，他一直推動石油和天然氣生產，並簽署行政命令中止該國轉型使用可再生能源。

But in Washington state, a government-led effort has just started to build what is expected to be the country’s largest solar generating station. The project is finally inching forward, after decades of cleaning up radioactive and chemical waste in fits and starts, at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, a sweep of desert that was pivotal to the nation’s weapons arsenal from 1943 until it was shut down in 1989. A developer, Hecate, was brought on last year to turn big stretches of the site into solar farms.

但是在華盛頓州，一項由政府主導的艱難嘗試才剛剛開始，預計將建造全美最大太陽能電場。歷經數十年來斷斷續續的放射性和化學廢棄物清理工作，這項專案終於在漢福德核廢料處理場緩慢推進。漢福德核廢料處理場位於遼闊的沙漠之中，自1943年起一直是該國軍火庫的核心，直到1989年被關閉。開發商Hecate去年被招攬，負責將這座處理場的大片區域轉型成為太陽能發電場。

Hecate will have access to 10,300 acres that the government has determined sufficiently safe to redevelop. The company has already started site evaluation on 8,000 acres, enough space for 3.45 million photovoltaic panels. (Hanford’s site is nearly 400,000 acres.)

Hecate將有使用政府認定足夠安全可開發的約1萬300英畝（約52.6平方公里）土地的權利。該公司已開始對8000英畝的土地進行場址評估，這塊土地面積足以安裝345萬片太陽能光電板。（漢福德核廢料處理場占地近40萬英畝。）

If all goes according to plan, the Hecate project, which is expected to be completed in 2030, will be by far the largest site the government has cleaned up and converted from land that had been used for nuclear research, weapons and waste storage. It is expected to generate up to 2,000 megawatts of electricity — enough roughly to supply all the homes in Seattle, San Francisco and Denver — and store 2,000 more megawatts in a large battery installation at a total cost of $4 billion. The nation’s current biggest solar plant, the Copper Mountain Solar Facility in Nevada, can generate up to 802 megawatts of energy.

如果一切根據計畫進行，Hecate的專案預計在2030年之前完成。它將是美國政府截至目前為止將曾用於核子研究、武器和廢棄物儲存的土地清理並轉型後的最大規模位址。預計它將生產2000千瓩的電力–大致足以供應西雅圖、舊金山和丹佛所有家庭用電，並在總成本40億美元的大型電池設施中儲存另外2000千瓩的電力。美國目前最大的太陽能發電廠是內華達州銅山太陽能電場，能生產高達802千瓩的電力。

The big unknown still hanging over the plan is whether the Trump administration will thwart efforts that the Biden administration put in place to develop more clean electricity generation.

籠罩這個計畫的最大未知數是，川普政府是否會阻撓拜登政府為發展更多潔淨能源所安排的努力。

Two officials at the Energy Department, who asked not to be named for fear of retaliation, said that neither the president nor the leaders of the administration’s effort to reshape federal agencies had yet to intervene in the solar project, but that the future of the initiative was uncertain. One of the officials said the new energy secretary, Chris Wright, a former oil executive, had not yet reviewed the project as of late February.

擔心遭到報復而要求匿名的兩名能源部官員表示，無論是總統川普，還是負責重組聯邦機構的政府領導人尚未出手干預，但新措施的未來尚不確定。一名官員表示，新任能源部長、石油業前高管萊特截至2月下旬仍未審閱這項專案。