Americans aren't very enthusiastic about using science to enhance the human species. Instead, many find it rather creepy.

A new survey by the Pew Research Center shows a profound distrust of scientists, a suspicion about claims of progress and a real discomfort with the idea of meddling with human abilities. The survey also opens a window into the public's views on what it means to be a human being and what values are important.

美國人不太熱中用科學來強化人類。相反的，許多人認為這種想法令人毛骨悚然。

皮尤研究中心的一項新調查顯示，美國人對科學家有很深的不信任感，對他們宣稱的進步感到懷疑，對於干預人類能力的想法真的很不安。這項調查也打開了一扇窗，讓我們一窺一般大眾對於身為人類意義何在，以及那些價值才重要的看法。

Pew asked about three techniques that might emerge in the future but that are not even close to ready now: using gene editing to protect babies from disease, implanting chips in the brain to improve people's ability to think, and transfusing synthetic blood that would enhance performance by increasing speed, strength and endurance.

The public was unenthusiastic on all counts, even about protecting babies from disease. Most, at least seven out of 10, thought scientists would rush to offer each of the technologies before they had adequately tested or even understood them.

皮尤問了三種未來可能出現，但目前離就緒階段還很遠的科技：利用基因編輯來預防嬰兒生病；把晶片植入腦部改進人們的思考能力；輸入能提高速度、力量和耐力以增強體能的人造血。

大眾對三者都不熱中，連預防嬰兒生病都不例外。大多數人，至少占十分之七，認為三者中的任何一項，科學家都會在充分測試、甚或了解這些科技之前就急著提供給大眾。

Two-thirds say they would not want the enhancement technologies for themselves. And even though genetic manipulations appear more frightening than a chip or artificial blood, which might be removed, the public finds it slightly more acceptable to change a baby's genes than to enhance human abilities.

Religiosity affected attitudes on these issues. The more religious people said they were, the less likely they were to want genetic alterations of babies or technologies to enhance adults. The differences were especially pronounced between evangelical Protestants and people who said they were atheists or agnostics.

三分之二的受訪者說，他們不要強化他們自己能力的科技。而且儘管操控基因比晶片或人造血更令人害怕，因為後二者也許能移除，但大眾對改變嬰兒基因的接受度，卻比增強人類能力略高。

宗教信仰影響對這些議題的態度。自認宗教信仰愈虔誠的人，愈沒有改變嬰兒的基因或用科技強化成年人的需要。福音教派新教徒和自稱為無神論者或不可知論者之間的差別特別明顯。

For example, 63 percent of evangelical Protestants said gene editing to protect babies from serious diseases was meddling with nature. In contrast, 81 percent of atheists and 80 percent of agnostics said it was not fundamentally different from other ways humans have tried to better themselves.

Cary Funk, an associate director at Pew and lead researcher for the survey, said she was surprised by the extent of the public's worries. "These are appealing ideas: being healthier, improved minds, improved bodies," she said. And she was surprised that the public seemed nearly equally worried about all three of the technologies. After all, she said, "these are three different kinds of technologies, for different purposes."

The survey queried a nationally representative sample of 4,700 adults, supplemented by discussions with six focus groups.

例如，63%的福音教派新教徒說，以編輯基因來預防嬰兒重大疾病是干涉自然。相反地，81%的無神論者和80%的不可知論者說，這與人類試圖改進自己的其他方式，基本上沒有不同。

皮尤中心副主任、這項調查的首席研究員凱莉．方克說，她很訝異一般大眾憂慮如此之深。她說：「這是些很討好的想法：更健康、更好的頭腦、更好的身體。」而且她很訝異大眾對這三種科技憂慮程度幾乎一樣。她說，畢竟，「這是三種不同的科技，用途也不同。」

這項調查以具有全國代表性的4700名成年人為詢問樣本，佐以與6個焦點團體的討論。

說文解字看新聞 文／田思怡

用科學來改變人類，總有倫理道德上的顧慮（ethics concerns），例如複製人（human cloning）或生化人（cyborg），生化人也稱為改造人。

本文提到三種強化人類的方法，類似生化人的概念，包括基因編輯（gene editing）、植入晶片（chip implant）和人造血（synthetic blood或artificial blood）。

雖然這三種科技都還沒實現，但已令人害怕，從皮尤的民調可以證實。有宗教信仰的人（religious people）更不能接受用科技來強化人類（using technologies to enhance human abilities），認為是干涉自然（meddling with nature）。meddle這個字有管閒事的意思，meddle with有胡搞的意思。

最近俄國的禁藥醜聞（doping scandal）已使俄國田徑選手被禁止參加里約奧運，服用增強體能的藥物都被禁賽，若如文中提到的，輸入人造血來增強體能（transfusing synthetic blood to enhance performance），那麼人類就不必舉辦奧運了。

At night, Juan Pineda Lopez hears the hum of a wind turbine that churns 300 yards away from his adobe house. Sometimes he catches the stench of lubricant that spews down the turbine’s mast.

Beyond that, Pineda said, the forest of turbines that has sprung up on the plains here in the southern state of Oaxaca in recent years barely affects him.

And that is the problem.

Eight years after Mexico embraced the fight against climate change, setting off a wind rush in Oaxaca’s Isthmus of Tehuantepec, people in poor, indigenous communities are divided over the benefits of the green revolution.

Some are even turning away wind projects. More than 1,000 residents of Juchitan de Zaragoza, a mainly indigenous Zapotec city about 20 miles from Lopez’s home in La Ventosa, have blocked plans to build one of Latin America’s biggest wind farms close to the city.

The case underscores the need to balance the scramble for clean energy with the concerns of those whose lands produce it, said Beatriz Olivera, an engineer who for several years led the climate change campaign for Greenpeace Mexico.

She added, “We want wind energy, but not at any price.”

In La Ventosa, a quiet town of 4,000 residents and winds so powerful at times they can blow over a truck, the energy boom has left its imprint. More than a dozen small construction companies that build infrastructure for the wind farms have sprung up in the past eight years. On many streets, smart two-story houses mingle with scruffier dwellings.

Iberdrola, the Spanish energy company that owns the wind farm behind Pineda’s house, has paved roads and built drains, part of social projects in the region that have cost more than $1 million, a company spokesman said.

Cosme Vera, a farmer who rents 100 acres to Iberdrola for $2,900 a month, has renovated his farmhouse and bought air conditioners for the bedrooms. Vera, 69, said his annual rent from Iberdrola was four times as much as what he makes from growing sorghum.

“My job now is to go to the bank once a month and pick up the money,” he said.

Not everyone has prospered, though. Wind farms create a burst of employment during construction, but much less after that, experts and residents said.

夜晚，胡安．比內達．羅培茲聽到風力渦輪發電機嗡嗡作響，在他的磚土房外300碼處劇烈翻攪。有時候，他能聞到發電機的杆柱散發出來的潤滑劑臭味。

比內達說，除此之外，近幾年在南部瓦哈卡州平原上如雨後春筍般出現並林立的風力發電機，對他沒什麼影響。

而這就是問題所在。

墨西哥8年前展開對抗氣候變遷的行動，並在瓦哈卡州的特萬特佩克地峽地區興起風力發電熱潮，如今，貧窮的原住民社區的居民對這場綠色革命究竟帶來多少好處，意見卻相當分歧。

有些人甚至拒絕風力發電計畫。距離羅培茲在拉本托薩的家約20英里、以原住民薩巴特克人為主的城市胡奇坦德薩拉戈薩，1000多居民杯葛在這個城市附近建造拉丁美洲最大風力發電場之一的計畫。

工程師畢翠絲．歐利維拉曾在墨西哥綠色和平組織帶領氣候變遷運動數年，她說，此一案例突顯出，有必要在爭相發展乾淨能源與產地居民的擔憂之間求取平衡。

她接著說：「我們要風力能源，但並非不計代價。」

拉本托薩是個有4000居民的安靜城鎮，有時風大到能吹翻卡車。風力能源蓬勃發展，在鎮上留下了印記。8年來冒出了十幾家為風電場建造基礎設施的小型建設公司。在許多街道上，精美的兩層樓房住家間雜在較破舊的房宅間。

擁有比內達屋後那座風電場的西班牙Iberdrola能源公司的發言人說，公司已鋪設道路並構建排水溝，是當地斥資100多萬美元的社會計畫的一部分。

農民柯斯米．維拉把100英畝地租給Iberdrola，月租2900美元，他已翻修他的農舍，並為臥房添購了空調設備。69歲的維拉說，Iberdrola每年給他的租金，是他種高粱所得的四倍。

他說：「我現在的工作是，每個月跑一趟銀行去領錢。」

專家和居民說，不過，並不是人人都發了。風力電場興建時創造一波就業潮，但之後就業機會就少多了。