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2011/12/06 第32期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份直接訂閱
優惠活動訊息:見訊息
   
What's in the Cards? 塔羅牌,它到底透露了什麼?
Tarot cards are associated with mysticism and have been used for fortune telling through the ages.

  History shows that people have been playing games with cards for a very long time. Although they made their debut in Europe in the 1300s, cards had been used in the Chinese and Islamic cultures for hundreds of years prior to that time. All sorts of card games that are played alone or in groups have been created. Cards can be used for betting like in poker or team play like with bridge1. One of the most interesting ways cards have been used, though, is to predict the future with tarot cards.

  Some people believe tarot cards originated in Egypt. Yet, there has been no evidence to support this interesting theory. The first known tarot cards were called triumph cards and created around the mid-1400s. They were used to play the game of triumph, which was similar to the modern-day game of bridge. The first record of tarot cards makes it very clear that they were a separate type of card and not ordinary playing cards2. Triumph became very popular all over Europe, which spread the use of the cards to many areas of the world. Around 1530, triumph cards, along with its game, became known by their Italian name, tarocchi. The French name of tarot would be adopted over 200 years later when followers of the occult3 used the cards to see into the future.

 

  歷史顯示人們用紙牌來玩遊戲已經有很長一段時間了。雖然紙牌首度於歐洲出現是在1300年代,但是在那之前,紙牌在中國和伊斯蘭教的文化裡已經被人們使用好幾百年了。人們創造出各種可以獨樂樂或眾樂樂的紙牌遊戲。紙牌可以用來賭錢,就像是撲克牌,或是以組隊的方式來玩牌,像是橋牌。不過這當中最有意思的用途之一就是拿塔羅牌來預測未來。

  有些人認為塔羅牌源自於埃及。然而,至今仍一直沒有任何證據可以支持這個有趣的理論。第一種為人所知的塔羅牌被稱作凱旋牌,發明的時間大約是在1400年代中期。這些紙牌是被用來玩一種名叫凱旋的遊戲,和現今的橋牌有點相似。有關塔羅牌的首次記載明確指出它們是另一個種類的紙牌,而不是一般的撲克牌(編按:我們平常所稱的撲克牌在英文中叫做playing cards,千萬不可說成poker cards,由於這種紙牌最常用來玩撲克這種遊戲,因此中文才這麼稱呼)。凱旋遊戲在全歐洲變得極為風行,所以紙牌的使用也流傳到世上許多地區。大約在1530年時,凱旋牌本身以及這個遊戲以其義大利名稱tarocchi開始變得為人所知。在兩百多年後,當崇尚神祕學的信眾開始運用這種紙牌來預測未來時,人們才開始採用tarot這個法文名稱。

 
  1. predict vt. 預測
    Tom is moody, so no one can predict when he is going to freak out.
    湯姆很情緒化,所以沒人能預測他何時會抓狂。
  2. originate vi. 發源,起源
    Mahjong originated in China before becoming popular in other parts of the world.
    麻將起源於中國,然後便風靡全球。
  3. evidence n. 證據,證明
    Although the evidence is not in Frank's favor, I still believe he is innocent.
    即便證據對法蘭克不利,我還是相信他是無辜的。
  4. ordinary a. 普通的,平常的
    This documentary reveals how ordinary a movie star's life can be.
    這部紀錄片顯示一位電影明星是可以過著多麼平凡的生活。
  5. adopt vt. 採用,採取
    The boss didn't adopt John's suggestion because it was too far-fetched.
    老闆沒有採用約翰的建議,因為那個點子太過牽強了。
  1. make + 所有格 + debut   (某人/物)首次出現/登台
    It took a while for Julia to become famous after she made her television debut.
    茱莉亞首次上電視後,過了一段時間才出名。
  2. prior to...  在……之前,先於……
    Beth told Jason her big secret prior to her death.
    貝絲在臨終前把她的重大秘密告訴傑森。
  3. along with...  與……一起;以及……
    Johnny gave me a Christmas card, along with an expensive present.
    強尼送給我一張耶誕卡和一份貴重的禮物。
 

The first record of tarot cards makes it very clear that...
(有關塔羅牌的首次記載明確指出……。)
"make it clear that..."表『明確指出……』,此處的 it 為動詞 make 的虛受詞,其真正的受詞為 that 所引導的子句。以下列舉更多類似的用法:
Amy made it clear that she would never help me cheat on any exam.
(艾咪很明確地說她永遠都不會幫我作弊。)
The boss made it known that he was stepping down due to his illness.
(老闆告訴大家他因生病之故而即將交棒。)

 
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郵票中的秘密花園
十九世紀郵票問世時,是一種預付郵資的工具;到了今天,郵票不但是藝術品、珍貴收藏,更是探索時代精神的最佳象徵。郵票小小方寸間的秘密花園,各自訴說屬於自己風華絕代的故事……。

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