如何從遊客中找出破壞者 博物館頭大

For Hans-Peter Wipplinger, the director of Vienna’s Leopold Museum, the past few weeks have been challenging. As climate protesters across Europe stepped up their attacks against art, Wipplinger took measures to protect his storied collection, which includes famous paintings by Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele. Bags were banned; coats, too. The museum hired extra guards to patrol its five floors.

對維也納立奧波德博物館館長維普林格來說，過去幾周充滿挑戰。隨著歐洲各地氣候抗議者加大對藝術品的攻擊力道，維普林格採取措施保護他的著名收藏，包括克林姆和席勒的名畫。禁止包包，外套也是。博物館雇用額外警衛巡視五個樓層。

It didn’t work. Last week, members of a group called Last Generation walked into the museum and threw black liquid at one of Klimt’s major works, “Death and Life.” A protester had sneaked the liquid into the museum in a hot water bottle strapped to his chest, Wipplinger said.

但沒有成功，上周一個名為「最後一代」團體的成員走進博物館，向克林姆主要作品之一《死亡與生命》潑灑黑色液體。維普林格說，一名抗議者將這種液體裝在一個熱水瓶內偷偷帶進博物館。

The Klimt, protected by glass, was unharmed. But Wipplinger said his security team could only have stopped the attack by subjecting visitors to invasive body searches, “like at the airport.” He didn’t want to even consider that prospect, he added.

受玻璃保護的克林姆作品雖毫髮無損，但維普林格說，他的保安團隊恐怕只能對訪客進行侵入式搜身來阻止攻擊，「就像在機場一樣」。他還表示，他甚至不想考慮這一可能性。

With the attacks showing no sign of abating, museum directors across Europe are settling into a nervous new equilibrium, fearful for the works in their care but unwilling to compromise on making visitors feel welcome. So far, nothing has been permanently damaged. But many fear that an accident or an escalation in the protesters’ tactics could result in a masterpiece being destroyed.

由於攻擊沒有減弱跡象，歐洲各地博物館館長正陷入一種緊張的新平衡狀態，擔心自己照顧的作品受到損害，但又不願在讓訪客感覺賓至如歸的問題上妥協。到目前為止，還沒有任何永久性的損壞，但許多人擔心，若發生意外或抗議者升級策略，恐導致名作被毀。

The actions, which began in Britain in June, are already increasing in frequency and daring. At first, protesters glued themselves to the frames of famous paintings, but since footage of activists splattering Vincent Van Gogh’s “Sunflowers” with tomato soup spread rapidly on social media in October, masterpieces have been doused in pea soup, mashed potatoes and flour.

這些行動於6月在英國開始，如今已日益頻繁，愈來愈大膽。最初，抗議者將自己黏在名畫畫框上，但自從10月活動人士向梵谷《向日葵》潑灑番茄湯影片在社群媒體上迅速傳播以來，名作陸續被潑上豌豆湯、馬鈴薯泥以及麵粉。

Those works were all protected by glass, and the protesters’ projectiles never touched an artist’s brushstroke. Yet, last month, protesters in Paris poured orange paint directly onto a silver Charles Ray sculpture outside the Bourse de Commerce contemporary art space. (A Bourse de Commerce spokesperson said the sculpture was cleaned within a few hours.)

這些作品都有玻璃保護，抗議者的投擲物從未接觸到藝術家的畫作。然而，巴黎的抗議者上月將橘色油漆直接倒在商業交易所當代藝術空間外查爾斯．雷的銀色雕像上。（法國商業交易所一名發言人說，這座雕像在數小時內就被清理乾淨了。）

In a statement last month signed by the leaders of more than 90 of the world’s largest art institutions, museum administrators said they were “deeply shaken” by the protesters’ “risky endangerment” of artworks.

在全球90多間最大藝術機構負責人上月簽署的一份聲明中，這些博物館管理人員表示，抗議者對藝術品的「危險危害」，令他們「深感震驚」。

Yet, few museums appear to have taken bold steps to protect their collections. Norway’s National Museum and the Barberini Museum in Potsdam, Germany, have banned visitors from taking bags or jackets into their exhibition halls. Others have made no changes.

然而，似乎很少博物館採取大膽措施保護館藏。挪威國家博物館及德國波茨坦巴貝里尼博物館禁止遊客攜包包或夾克進入展覽廳，其他博物館則未做出任何改變。

拜登擬嚴管移民政策 類似川普

The Biden administration is considering substantial new limits on the number of migrants who could apply for asylum in the United States, according to people familiar with the proposal, which would expand restrictions similar to those first put in place along the border by former President Donald Trump.

熟悉提案的知情人士透露，拜登政府正考慮針對可在美國申請庇護的移民人數進行新的大幅限制，這將擴大類似前總統川普最初在邊境實施的限制措施。

The plan is one of several being debated by President Joe Biden’s top aides as the country confronts a high number of illegal crossings at the border. It would prohibit migrants who are fleeing persecution from seeking refuge in the United States unless they were first denied safe harbor by another country, like Mexico.

該計畫是拜登資深幕僚正在商討的數項計畫之一，因為美國面臨大量非法移民越境情況。它將禁止逃避迫害的移民在美國尋求庇護，除非他們先被其他國家拒絕提供安全庇護，如墨西哥。

People familiar with the discussions said the new policy, if adopted, could go into effect as soon as this month, just as the government stops using a public health rule that was put in place at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic by the Trump administration and became a key policy to manage the spike in crossings during Biden’s tenure. A federal judge has ordered the administration to stop using the health rule on Dec. 21.

知情人士說，新政策若獲採納，最快可能在本月生效，正好銜接政府將停止使用的一項公共衛生規定。這項川普政府在新冠病毒大流行之初實施的規定，成為拜登任期內管理越境人數激增的一項關鍵政策。一位聯邦法官已下令拜登政府在12月21日停止使用該衛生條例。

But the idea of broadly prohibiting migrants from seeking asylum strikes directly at the heart of decades of U.S. and international law that has shaped the United States’ role as a place of safety for displaced and fearful people across the globe.

但廣泛禁止移民尋求庇護的想法，直接觸及美國和國際法的核心，這些法律塑造美國的角色，成為全球流離失所者與擔心受怕人群的安全之地。

And it builds on an approach embraced by Trump and Stephen Miller, the architect of the former president’s immigration agenda. Eager to keep migrants out of the United States, the Trump administration imposed what it called a transit ban and refused to consider asylum claims for migrants who had not sought refuge in other countries as they made their way to the U.S. border.

這一做法建立在川普及其移民政策設計師米勒採納的方法之上。急於將移民趕出美國的川普政府，實施所謂的過境禁令，並拒絕考慮前往美國邊境之前未在他國尋求庇護者的庇護申請。

The similarities have enraged human rights advocates, who recall Biden’s full-throated condemnation of his predecessor’s immigration policies during the 2020 campaign.

這些相似之處激怒了人權倡議人士，他們還記得2020年競選期間拜登曾強烈譴責他的前任總統移民政策。

People familiar with the internal debate disputed that the Biden administration would embrace a policy that is the same as Trump’s programs. They also said the approach was not final and had not been presented to Biden or Alejandro N. Mayorkas, the homeland security secretary, for a decision.

熟悉內部辯論的人士懷疑拜登政府會接受與川普計畫相同的政策。他們還說，該方案並非最終方案，尚未提交給拜登或國土安全部部長梅奧卡斯來決定。

One person briefed on the discussions said a new policy, if adopted, would be rolled out alongside expanded opportunities for migrants to come to the United States legally.

一位了解討論情況的人士則稱該方案一旦通過，將會同時推出一項為移民提供更多合法進入美國機會的新政策。